After reaching an old age, while most cosmic objects die by fragmentation, and ejection, some may end their life by violent explosions. These explosions may occur in both younger, and older objects in all cosmic scales.

Human  beings have observed such explosions a few times during the last thousand years. Chinese  was the first to record such explosion in 1054, when a blazing star appeared in the sky, and remained as luminous as full moon for 23 days, before fading away from the evening sky within a year. Today, we know  that this blaze had risen from the catastrophic death  of a star. The remnants of this explosion is one of the most studied objects in the sky, known as Crab nebula. Since that explosion, there were records of two more such blazing stars in our galaxy, one in 1572, known as Tycho supernova, and the other in 1604, called Kepler supernova,  before the last such explosion of star was observed in 1987.

The cosmic structures explode by tearing off the shells, which surround the central object. The shells grow and evolve, as a fractal knot, which I have explained in other videoes, presented in the website www.newuniverse.cosmology.i n .  In younger objects, the explosions result from the failure of the system to  establish a stable fractal structure, which embeds self-similar knot, in smaller, and  smaller hierarchically embedded scales. The excessive outpouring of plasma from the center,  which fall in imbalance with the matter streaming towards the center, to replenish the burning gases, result in the tearing of the shells in two halves. In older structures, which have evolved by following the universal process,  discussed before in another video, the explosions occur by ejections of structures from two opposite ends of the main outpouring mouths.

The stellar explosions  occur in all galaxies. It  is quite common to observe exploding stars in galaxies. Depending on occurences in younger, or older stars, they are classified as type 1, and type 2 supernovae. Type 2 are often seen to occur in stars forming in gas-rich spiral arms. The type 1 occurs in stars hovering around the galaxy core. Until about twenty years ago, supernovae dominated the study of cosmic explosions.  With the launching of the gamma-ray satellites in the early 1990s, a new class of explosions were discovered. They came to be known as gamma-ray bursts. Such explosions poured out  huge amount of energies, mostly in gamma-rays. Unlike supernovae, they were optically difficult to observe. When optical counterparts of gamma-ray bursts were detected, they were seen to occur in cosmic objects moving at high speed, outside our galaxy.  They occurred mostly seen in association with dwarf blue galaxies, undergoing a very high rate of star formation. These days gamma-ray bursts are explained as hypernovae, resulting from the explosion of supermassive stars. 

The origin of the high-redshift blue galaxies, where majority of such bursts occur, has a different explanation in big-bang cosmology, than the mechanism driven by a fractal universe,  which I support. As I have talked about in the video about the birth of cosmic structures, the blue dwarf galaxies are ejections from massive galaxies, during the process of undergoing evolution of these galaxies from spiral to elliptical stage. These ejected dwarf structures, in turn, as they evolve, create further ejections of even smaller cosmic bodies, like in a cascade. In each stage of cascade, similar mechanism of growth, and evolution take hold, and try to bring the evolution of structures in the destined path. In cases, when this process fails , the iobjects explode by tearing off the shells, or  adjust course of evolution by ejecting material from the center. The gamma-ray bursts are caused by such phenomena, occuring in  cosmic objects larger than the stars.

They are often associated in the surroundings of quasars, blazars and BL Lac objects, which are cosmic bodies violently varing in their high energy outputs, indicating very unstable systems, which may fail to follow the course, destined by the fractal design of the universe. As Halton Arp has been arguing since 1960s, quasars are ejections from the core of the seyfert galaxies. Similarly, the quasars may also eject structures from its core. During this process some structures may explode, and become intense gamma-ray burst, occuring at high-redshift.

The explosions may also occur in galactic scale. One such example is Cygnus – A, which outpour huge energies in high-energies.

The way the cosmic structures take birth,  evolve, and decay are central in understanding the nature of the universe. In the video “Birth of cosmic structures” I have talked about the universal mechanism, by which the cosmic bodies take their births in different scales. Similarly, all cosmic structures, after being born, follow a destined path of evolution , which is universal for all. The mechanism involves  a prescribed manner, by which the fractal knot, generated at birth, undergoes tightening from a loose state, to a more compact knot. When the knot is loose, the structures looks like a barred-spiral form. More it tightens, it passes through a spiral morphology, and ends up into elliptical, or round object,  after reaching a critical state of tightening. In this final configuration, the spiral arms woven together, turn into toroidal rings around the central core.

The main mechanism lies in the destined pattern, by which the matter pours out of the center, and the ejected matter returns towards the centre. The main outpouring occurs along the bar axis of the core, lying in opposite directions from the center. The ejections  also occur from the side. In the belly region, where the bar is wider,  two wide mouths develop on oppsoite sides of the belly. The daughter knot, embedded inside the mother knot, feeds back  to the mother pattern through these mouths on the side. In the early phase of evolution, the ejections from the belly region are less pronounced, than the ejections from the bar axis. With evolution of the knot, the ejections from the belly increase, and the knitting pattern of the ejections, and incoming flows, become more clearly revealed as a hierarchically embedded design. In the most evolved structures, like the massive elliptical galaxy, like M87, the tighter knitting causes the arms to turn into toroidal shapes.

After reaching the spherical shape, the structure may start disintegrating.  As the toroidal rings become more and more unstable, they start breaking into smaller structures. In the case of the evolved elliptical galaxies, the rings may fragment into many large globular clusters, as one sees in the case of the M87 galaxy, which lies at the heart of the Virgo cluster of galaxies.  

While the rings  may disintegrate, by breaking into clusters of stars, the core also undergoes disruption. The disruption occurs by the ejections of dwarf structures, along the direction of the bar, from where the core has evolved into spherical shape. While the system falls apart by ejecting dwarf structures from the core, and formation of clusters along the ring-arms, plasma is thrown out into space in the form of jets, along the main ejection mouths,  The motions of the plasma generate the radio jets , which one observes from many evolved galaxies.

Similar to the example of the galaxies, the clusters of galaxies also evolve by following the path prescribed by the tightening of the universal fractal knot structure. In evolved clusters of galaxies, one should observe similar ejections of dwarf galaxy clusters from the center along the bar axis, as it is seen in the x-ray image of Coma cluster, for example. One should also observe radio jets from the center of galaxy clusters, similar to what is seen in elliptical galaxies.

The evolution of star clusters also follows the same mechanism of ejections from the core, and fragmentation along the arms, as they pass through the old age.

The universe  creates and destroys everywhere. While by destroying it creates, by creating the world it destroys, in turn. Thus, it rises, and regenerates anew from the ashes of death and decay. This disappearing in order to appear again, goes on for ever. It is the way the universe exists, and regenerates itself by consuming itself.

This dance of life, and death is controled by a spiral triskelion, sitting at the heart of the creation. It ejects matter from its womb, and sends them to create the world, while,  at the same time, it  withdraws the emanent world to its womb again. The process of the creation of the world is built in in this mecahnism of ejection, and accretion. The meeting of the hotter gases, moving away from the center, and the cooler flows, falling towards the center, generate the primary dynamics of creations of structures. This encounter creates a turbulent universe, which is the primary mechanism of generating the world. The turbulent motions of the ionized gases bring forth magnetic fields, which starts accreting matter into clumps, like super-super clusters. Once gravitating matter is formed, the gravitational forces come into play in shaping the world in forms, we see.

The universe is a whirling whirlpool, made of smaller whorls, formed in the image of itself. The smaller whorls are made of even smaller  similar whorls. These smaller whorls, in turn, is made of even smaller whorls, and so on. Thus, like any turbulent system, the universe is a fractal, where the micro-world is made in the replica of the macro-world. The larger whorl, in which the smaller whorls exist, support the existence of the small. Similarly, the smaller whorls feed  back to the mother structure, so that the entire cosmic system function in unision, where all structures, large or small, are entangled together as an inseparable whole.

As a part of the whole,  where a universal dynamics operates in large and small scales, cosmic structures, like supercluster, galaxy cluster, galaxy, star cluster, and star are all born in the same way. The birth of structure, in any scale, follows the formation of the universal fractal design, made of the incoming and outgoing flows. This design knits a fracal knot, which I have presented in another video. The birth of any structure, is destined by the existence of the mother structure, of which it is an integral part. Similarly, the birth of the mother is destined by the existence of its mother, and so on. Thus, the universe is a hierarchically embedded knot-inside-knot, inside knot, and so on. In each scale, the knot is comprised of a core, entertwined by filamentary flows, forming arms around the core. Structures in the next smaller scale take birth along these arms, as well as in the core.  

The birth of structures along the arms, and in the core are both caused by the similar mechanism of encounter of incoming, and outgoing flows. However, the structures,born along the arms, and those born in the core may have different destinies. While the structures, born along the arms, remain entangled as inseparable parts of the mother body, the structures, which may be created by the  breaking apart of the elongated core, in the process of turning rounder at the center, may leave the mother body. These dwarf bodies, emerging from the core, are usually much larger structures, than those formed in the arms. I have discussed the formation of structures at the center in a separate video.

Thus,  birth of cosmic bodies are not mere accidents. They are necessities of upholding the cosmic design, where every structure is entangled with all, and follows its destined path, determined by the existence of its mother. Cosmic bodies are born following a universal destiny, rooted in the mechanism of the creation of the universe. So is the evolution of structures ending in death, and decay. However, inspite of  birth, evolution and death, bringing constant changes everywhere, the cosmic design remains the same, creating a timeless arena, where things come and go, generating the motions of time.

In the website New Universe, I have presented a totally different view of the creation than the mainstream. This view is based on the analysis of observations made by astronomers in different wavelengths. The theory of “timelessness in time” expounds the view that turbulence, and magnetic fields are the major arbiters in forming the cosmic structures. The gravitational force alone, is insufficient in understanding the nature of the universe. This analysis leads to the existence of a fractal universe, which embeds self-similar structures in scales, within scales. Everything, however small or large, is entangled with each other in a cosmic whole, like an inseparable fractal knot, which can never be disentangled. Everything, which occurs in micro-scales, is intimately related to the evolutions taking place in the macro-world. Large supports the small, the small feeds back, and supports the existence of the large. There exists a non-local communications in the entire universe. Contrary to the big-bang , which results from the solutions of the Einstein’s equations of gravity, the dynamics of the universe is primarily driven by turbulence, and the magnetic fields, which suffuse every corner of the cosmos.

Without assigning the role to gravity in assembling matter into clumps, how can one explain the creations of clumpy structures, which we observe in all cosmic scales? If big-bang has never occurred, how could one explain the recessions of galaxies, and the existence of the cosmic microwave background radiation? Which mechanism in the universe has created the super-clusters, clusters, galaxies, stars, and planets? If there is no time in the universe, how do the cosmic objects take birth, evolve, and die? Are they not following the motions of time? Or, what is time? If the universe has been arranged as a timeless fractal design, what causes the appearance of chaos, and a constantly fluctuating world? How do we understand the formation of the solar system? How do we know that there exits a universal design in the universe, which self-creates itself from its own decay and death? What is the eternal dynamics, which permeates all existence, and sustains the universal plan? Who are the creator, and the created ones, when the existence of the micro-structures depends on the existence of the macro-structures, and vice-versa? How do the created ones create the creator, in whose womb they take their births?

One will get answers to these, and many other questions of fundamental importance from this site.

The universe has existed eternally, and rises from, and sinks in itself. While cosmic objects die, and decay in one place, new structures rise in the universe in another place. All structures, however small or large, are entangled in an inseparable whole. The structures in the universe are formed by following a universal template, which is a fractal knot, built by the interweaving of the incoming, and outgoing flows. Everywhere the dynamics is driven by ejection, and accretion of matter, mediated by a spiral triskelion, at the centre of the structures. This three-armed spiral structure, at its largest scale, so far observed, can be found at the position, where the astronomers have observed the local void. The super-super-clusters appear as ejections from this void. The super-super-clusters break into clumps, and give rise to super-clusters, which, in turn, break into clumps, and form clusters, which, in its turn, break into fractal clumps, generating galaxies, and so on. The universe is made of similar spiral knotting, filling the entire cosmos in many different scales. It is always ejecting matter from the centre, and withdrawing the ejected material towards the center. The meeting of the ejected, and accreting matter is the source of turbulence, seeding the formation of cosmic structures in all scales. Turbulent motions of the charged particles may create the magnetic field. Magnetic accretion causes the formation of cosmic bodies, which become gravitating, and start competing with the other two forces.

The universe is a dance of spirals, inside spirals, inside spiral, and so on, and driven by a mechanism of ejection and accretion driven by a universal triskelion.